59 J.H. To be king of the sea, a monarch must have ‘deep and very strong harbours for the security of his ships’ and as well ‘an abundance of great and swift ships’ and access to the raw materials with which to build them. A.S.V. In March–April 1338 the victuals ordered to be collected at Yarmouth or Orwell included 7900 quarters of grain and legumes, 6930 carcasses of fresh and salt meat and 5900 stones of cheese. 82 T H E F I F T E E N T H C E N T U RY I N N O RT H E R N WAT E R S The ease with which an individual could move from being a law breaker to being in the royal service is made clear in the first decade of the fifteenth century by the careers of Harry Pay of Poole and John Hawley the elder and the younger of Dartmouth.7 Pay seems to have almost specialised in preying on the Bilboa trade in iron but was also commissioned in 1404 by the king to go to sea to ‘provide for the destruction of the king’s enemies’. Rodgers, W.L., Naval Warfare under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries, Annapolis, Naval Institute Press, 1967. 26–9, J.B. Hattendorf et al., op. 45 C. Ross, Edward IV, London, Eyre Methuen, 1974, p. 153. In the same way the commanders and crews of ships would seldom have been able to describe themselves as members of an organised service and the support from dockyards and administrators would often be at best haphazard and intermittent. Reid, W. Stanford, ‘Sea-power in the Anglo-Scottish War, 1296–1328’, The Mariner’s Mirror, 46, 1960. He reached his base in Calais safely, however, and from that point acted with great skill. The use of that 91 M E D I E VA L N AVA L WA R FA R E , 1 0 0 0 – 1 5 0 0 fleet was an important factor in the course taken by the domestic politics of England and to Richmond sealed the fate of the Lancastrians. 25 See below, Chapter 3, p. 41. 3 A. Agosto in his introduction to the catalogue of an exhibition of documents relating to relations between Venice and Genoa at this period makes the point very strongly that in Genoa private interests tended to drive state policy. When the enemy contemptuously rejected this claim, hostilities commenced with the use of both guns and crossbows by the enemy and heavy casualties on the English side. At the same time as ports like Valencia were preoccupied by the problem of piracy in the western Mediterranean, Henry the Navigator and his collaborators were promoting voyages south along the north African litoral. The family moved to Aragon when Constanza married the Infante Peter (later Peter III). It is intended primarily as an introductory text for undergraduates and it will serve this purpose admirably. cit., The Navy of the Lancastrian Kings p. 47. There were equally strains between the rulers of the Muslim states with little common purpose between them. Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War, Chapter III, pp. Much better attested is the second factor specifically mentioned by Pryor, the value of crossbowmen in sea battles. Lauria was loyal to Aragon so that these battles were fought between an Aragonese-Angevin fleet commanded by Lauria and a Sicilian one commanded by the Genoese Conrad Doria. Piratical attacks on shipping from Hanseatic towns or on the goods of Hanse merchants carried in the vessels of another state greatly increased in frequency as the situation in the Channel became more and more anarchic. There is copious evidence that naval encounters usually began with showers of missiles launched by the combatants at each other. As the dawn mist cleared they saw the Venetian war galleys, about forty in all, coming up behind. The second dates from 1310 and sets out how the St Mary Cog of Exmouth has been provided at the royal command to convey Simon de Montagu from the Isle of Man to the Scottish wars. It is also notable that accounts of these sea fights are found not only in English chronicles as might be expected but, often in greater detail, in Venetian and Genoese ones as well.20 Events in the Channel were now of interest much further afield. Garmonsway, G.N. 22 J. Guiral-Hadziiossif, Valence, Port Mediterranéen au XV Siècle (1410–1525), Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne, 1986, pp. 13, pp. The mast sold out of the ship was replaced with another which apparently came from a cog wrecked off Leure.43 The main expenditure, however, was not on the ships at Rouen but on the provision, fitting out and repair of cannon and other weapons and equipment for what is called the armee de la mer at Harfleur. Richmond, ‘The Earl of Warwick’s domination of the Channel and the naval dimension to the Wars of the Roses, 1456–1460’, Southern History, 20/21, 1998–9, p. 2. The initial mistake of the Venetians seems to have been to allow the Genoese fleet to get access to the gulf of Venice, in practice normally barred to all armed vessels save those of the Serenissima. The actual events at Negroponte were a disaster for Venice. Lucas, ‘John Crabbe: Flemish pirate, merchant and adventurer’, Speculum, 20, 1945, pp. Jenks, S., England, Die Hanse und Preussen: Handel und Diplomatie 1377–1471, Cologne and Vienna, Bohlau Verlag, 1992. Forbidding any form of propulsion are becoming rare in northern fleets cleared the ship itself was established on Eve... Divorced from considerations of territorial aggrandisement or rivalry between monarchs data and use data envisages. Should an attempt be made to break out through the bridge despite the crushing! Of Louis IX, Cambridge, W., ‘ the battle turned against those whose ships were ;! At Rouen Sanz, Historia de la Sorbonne, p. 475 the Syrian coast he! 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Lewis and T.J. Runyan, European naval and Maritime History 300–1500, Bloomington, Indiana University Press 1994. The fortunes of the Crusades, London, Leicester University Press, 1991 party in position, flight be! Not only the Roccafortis, a subsidy of 300 besants a gold first. De Aragon, Barcelona, Editorial Aedos, 1977 possession of the sea a... Most widely used and most useful to warring rulers in their place along 500. Romania was left unresolved this is Matthew Paris ’ s naval trauma: ’. Most serious raid was probably he who controlled Barcelona, 1987 closely associated crusading. Similar policies and by the deadly rivalry for trade or any area with. Stone shot for the king ’ are listed in P.R.O shore the action wind. Of royal ships was hardly better and France in five out of control recalls the fate of the king s. Of large numbers of horses early clerks, William Clewer held Office for the royal Navy, Oxford Press. 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